Portail documentaire du Muséum

{"FriendlyTitleResults":[],"HtmlResult":"<!DOCTYPE div PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD XHTML 1.1\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/xhtml11\/DTD\/xhtml11.dtd\">\u000d\u000a<div dir=\"ltr\" id=\"ID0EC\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\">\u000d\u000a <div id=\"ariane\">\u000d\u000a <span class=\"texte\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_BreadcrumbHomeLabel_label\" class=\"x-label \">Vous êtes ici :<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/span>\u000d\u000a <span>\u000d\u000a <a href=\"\/cda\/launch.aspx?instance=EXPLOITATION&amp;eventid=ERMES_RELOAD_PORTAL&amp;SYNCMENU=\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_BreadcrumbHome_label\" class=\"x-label \">Accueil<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/span>\u000d\u000a <span> \/ <\/span>\u000d\u000a <span class=\"actif\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_BreadcrumbDetail_label\" class=\"x-label \">Détail du document<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"aside\">\u000d\u000a <div id=\"multi_selection_simple\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"document_actions\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"global_content\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_gauche_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_gauche_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_droite_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_droite_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_centre\">\u000d\u000a <h2>\u000d\u000a <span>\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_DetailDocumentLabel_label\" class=\"x-label \">Document<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/h2>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_gauche_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_gauche_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_droite_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_droite_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_centre\">\u000d\u000a <h3>\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_DetailDocumentInterestLabel_label\" class=\"x-label \">Ce document vous intéresse ?<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/h3>\u000d\u000a <ul>\u000d\u000a <li class=\"ajouter_selection\">\u000d\u000a <a href=\"#\">\u000d\u000a <span>\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_DetailAddToSelection_label\" class=\"x-label \">Ajoutez ce document à votre sélection<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <li class=\"addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_32x32_style visible-xs\">\u000d\u000a <ul>\u000d\u000a <li>\u000d\u000a <a data-addthisurl=\"https:\/\/bibliotheques.mnhn.fr\/medias\/doc\/EXPLOITATION\/IFD\/MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001_0039\/bulletin-d-ecologie\" title=\"Facebook\" class=\"addthis_button_facebook\" \/>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <li>\u000d\u000a <a data-addthisurl=\"https:\/\/bibliotheques.mnhn.fr\/medias\/doc\/EXPLOITATION\/IFD\/MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001_0039\/bulletin-d-ecologie\" title=\"Twitter\" class=\"addthis_button_twitter\" \/>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <li>\u000d\u000a <a data-addthisurl=\"https:\/\/bibliotheques.mnhn.fr\/medias\/doc\/EXPLOITATION\/IFD\/MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001_0039\/bulletin-d-ecologie\" data-addthistitle=\"Bulletin d'écologie\" class=\"addthis_button_compact\" \/>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <\/ul>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <li>\u000d\u000a <a href=\"#\" class=\"export_pdf cms-icon-pdf\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_ExportToPDF_label\" class=\"x-label \">Exporter en PDF<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <\/ul>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_gauche_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_gauche_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_droite_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_droite_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_centre\" \/>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"resultats_detail\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"global_content\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_gauche_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_gauche_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_droite_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_droite_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_centre\">\u000d\u000a <h2>\u000d\u000a <span>Bulletin d'écologie<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/h2>\u000d\u000a <span class=\"support\">\u000d\u000a <strong>Pages numérisées<\/strong>\u000d\u000a <\/span>\u000d\u000a <a href=\"#\" class=\"export_pdf cms-icon-pdf\" \/>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_gauche_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_gauche_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_droite_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_droite_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_centre\">\u000d\u000a <div id=\"document_01\">\u000d\u000a <div id=\"document_02\">\u000d\u000a <ul id=\"onglets\">\u000d\u000a <li class=\"first\">\u000d\u000a <a class=\"on\" href=\"#notice_longue\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_DetailTabDescription_label\" class=\"x-label \">Description<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <li style=\"display:none\" id=\"tab-more-dispo\">\u000d\u000a <a href=\"#enrichissements\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_DetailTabEnrichments_label\" class=\"x-label \">En savoir plus<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <li id=\"tab-more-wip\">\u000d\u000a <a class=\"disabled\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_DetailTabEnrichments_label\" class=\"x-label \">En savoir plus<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <\/ul>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"notice_longue\" class=\"notice\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"vignette_container\">\u000d\u000a <div id=\"vignette_document\">\u000d\u000a <a href=\"\/EXPLOITATION\/infodoc\/digitalCollections\/thumb.ashx?seid=MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001&amp;i=MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001_0039.jpg&amp;s=large#extension.jpg\" class=\"fancybox\">\u000d\u000a <img alt=\"couverture\" src=\"\/EXPLOITATION\/infodoc\/digitalCollections\/thumb.ashx?seid=MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001&amp;i=MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001_0039.jpg&amp;s=medium\" \/>\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"notice_longue_description\">\u000d\u000a <span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Focoins.info%3Agenerator&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin d'écologie&rft.atitle=Bulletin d'écologie&rft.isbn=&rft.issn=&rft.date=&rft.volume=&rft.au=&rft.pub=\"> \u000d\u000a<\/span>\u000d\u000a<span class=\"Z3988\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Focoins.info%3Agenerator&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin d'écologie&rft.isbn=&rft.issn=&rft.date=&rft.volume=&rft.au=&rft.pub=\"> \u000d\u000a<\/span>\u000d\u000a<b>Bulletin d'écologie<\/b>, Non numérotée<br>\u000d\u000a<br>\u000d\u000a <b>Type de document : <\/b>Pages numérisées<br\/> <p>\u000d\u000a <\/p>\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a <!-- ancien lien qui ne marche plus -->\u000d\u000a <!-- \u000d\u000a -->\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a <p>\u000d\u000a Appartient à : \u000d\u000a <a href=\"\/medias\/search.aspx?Instance=EXPLOITATION&SC=IFD_BIBNUM&QUERY=Identifier_idx:MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001&QUERY_LABEL=Recherche+par+rebond&DETAIL_MODE=true\">Bulletin d'écologie (1991) <\/a>\u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a<\/p>\u000d\u000a <!-- ancien lien qui changeait de scénario à chaque clic -->\u000d\u000a <!-- <p>\u000d\u000a <\/p> -->\u000d\u000a<!-- fin ancien affichage des liens -->\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a <!-- Nouvel affichage des liens qui conserve le même scénario --> \u000d\u000a <p>\u000d\u000a <\/p>\u000d\u000a<p>\u000d\u000a <\/p>\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a<p>\u000d\u000a <\/p>\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a<p>\u000d\u000a<\/li>\u000d\u000a<\/ul>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a<\/ul>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a<\/ul>\u000d\u000a<\/p>\u000d\u000a<p>\u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a<p>\u000d\u000a <\/p>\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a <p>\u000d\u000a <label>\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_DetailReaderCommentsLabel_label\" class=\"x-label \"> <\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/label>\u000d\u000a <span class=\"evaluation etoiles_0\">0\/5\u000d\u000a <\/span>\u000d\u000a <span class=\"avis\">\u000d\u000a (0 <span id=\"res_ResultsCommentsLabel_label\" class=\"x-label \">avis<\/span>)\u000d\u000a <\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/p>\u000d\u000a <a target=\"_blank\" class=\"permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/bibliotheques.mnhn.fr\/medias\/doc\/EXPLOITATION\/IFD\/MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001_0039\/bulletin-d-ecologie\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_DetailPermalink_label\" class=\"x-label \">Lien permanent<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"clear\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"clear\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div>\u000d\u000a <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"titleNotice\" value=\"Bulletin d'écologie\" \/>\u000d\u000a <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"autNotice\" value=\"\" \/>\u000d\u000a <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"contribNotice\" value=\"\" \/>\u000d\u000a <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"pubDateNotice\" value=\"\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"detail-holdings\">\u000d\u000a <span>\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_DetailHoldingsVerify_label\" class=\"x-label \">Vérification des exemplaires disponibles ...<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"enrichissements\" style=\"display:none;\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"enrichissements-wip\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_EnrichmentsSearchInProgressLabel_label\" class=\"x-label \">La ressource EnrichmentsSearchInProgressLabel n'est pas définie.<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_gauche_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_gauche_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_droite_haut\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_droite_bas\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_centre\" \/>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"confirm_dialog_selection\" class=\"dialog-model\" title=\"Confirmez votre action\" style=\"display:none\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_ConfirmDialogSelectionText_label\" class=\"x-label \">Êtes-vous sûr de vouloir supprimer tous les documents de votre sélection?<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"pdf_loading\" class=\"dialog-model\" title=\"Export en cours\" style=\"display:none\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_PdfLoadingText_label\" class=\"x-label \">Veuillez patienter...<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"expo_resa\" class=\"dialog-model\" title=\"Réservation d'exposition\" style=\"display:none\" \/>\u000d\u000a <div id=\"edit_comment_form\" class=\"dialog-model\" title=\"Edition d'un avis\" style=\"display:none\">\u000d\u000a <label for=\"edit_comment_title\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_MyAccountCommentsCommentTitle_label\" class=\"x-label \">Titre<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/label>\u000d\u000a <input type=\"text\" class=\"comment_title\" style=\"width:300px; padding:2px; margin:0 0 10px;\" id=\"edit_comment_title\" \/>\u000d\u000a <label for=\"edit_comment_message\">\u000d\u000a <span id=\"res_MyAccountCommentsMessage_label\" class=\"x-label \">Message<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/label>\u000d\u000a <textarea style=\"width:300px; height:250px\" class=\"comment_text\" id=\"edit_comment_message\" \/>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <script type=\"text\/x-jquery-tmpl\" id=\"selectionTmpl\">\u000d\u000a\u000d\u000a <div class=\"global_content sel_reduced\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_gauche_haut\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_gauche_bas\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_droite_haut\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_droite_bas\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_header_centre\">\u000d\u000a <h2>\u000d\u000a <span class=\"selection_label\">Sélection courante :<\/span>\u000d\u000a <span>\u000d\u000a ${item.length} <span class=\"selection_documents_label\">documents<\/span> <a class=\"bouton_detail\" href=\"#\" title=\"Détail\">Détail<\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/h2>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps\" style=\"display:none;\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_gauche_haut\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_gauche_bas\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_droite_haut\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_droite_bas\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_corps_centre\">\u000d\u000a <ul>\u000d\u000a {{each item}}\u000d\u000a <li>${$value.Ttl}\u000d\u000a <a data-selectionid=\"5\" class=\"bouton supp removeItem\" href=\"#\" title=\"Supprimer\" data-index=\"${$index}\">\u000d\u000a <span class=\"x-label\" id=\"\">Supprimer<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a {{\/each}}\u000d\u000a <\/ul>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer\" style=\"display:none;\">\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_gauche_haut\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_gauche_bas\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_droite_haut\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_droite_bas\"><\/div>\u000d\u000a <div class=\"content_footer_centre\">\u000d\u000a <ul class=\"actions\">\u000d\u000a {{if item.length > 0}}\u000d\u000a <li>\u000d\u000a <span>Actions :<\/span>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a <li>\u000d\u000a <a title=\"Voir la sélection\" class=\"voir\" href=\"\/medias\/selection.aspx?instance=EXPLOITATION\">\u000d\u000a Voir la sélection\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <li>\u000d\u000a <a title=\"Vider\" class=\"removeAll supp\" href=\"#\">\u000d\u000a Vider\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a {{\/if}}\u000d\u000a <li>\u000d\u000a <a class=\"selection_export_pdf\" title=\"Exporter en PDF\" href=\"#\">\u000d\u000a Exporter en PDF\u000d\u000a <\/a>\u000d\u000a <\/li>\u000d\u000a <\/ul>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a <\/div>\u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a <\/script>\u000d\u000a <script type=\"text\/x-jquery-tmpl\" id=\"manageSelectionsTmpl\">\u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a <table cellspacing=\"1\">\u000d\u000a {{each d}}\u000d\u000a <tr class=\"selection-state-${$value.Selection.SelStatus}\">\u000d\u000a <td>\u000d\u000a ${$value.Selection.SelName}\u000d\u000a <\/td>\u000d\u000a <td>\u000d\u000a <input {{if $value.Selection.SelStatus==0}}disabled=\"true\"{{\/if}} type=\"checkbox\" data-id=\"${$value.Selection.SelUid}\" {{if $value.State==1}} class=\"unknown\" {{\/if}} {{if $value.State!=2}} checked=\"checked\" {{\/if}}\/>\u000d\u000a <\/td>\u000d\u000a <\/tr>\u000d\u000a {{\/each}} \u000d\u000a <\/table>\u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a <\/script>\u000d\u000a <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\u000d\u000a \/\/<![CDATA[\u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a \/\/ Globals Ermes\u000d\u000a var sErmesServer = '127.0.0.1';\u000d\u000a var sErmesXmlLaunch = sErmesXmlLaunch || '';\u000d\u000a var sErmesTS = '';\u000d\u000a \u000d\u000a 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title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Focoins.info%3Agenerator&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin d'écologie&rft.isbn=&rft.issn=&rft.date=&rft.volume=&rft.au=&rft.pub=\"> \u000a<\/span>\u000a<b>Bulletin d'écologie<\/b>, Non numérotée<br>\u000a<br>\u000a <b>Type de document : <\/b>Pages numérisées<br\/> <p>\u000a <\/p>\u000a\u000a\u000a\u000a\u000a\u000a\u000a <!-- ancien lien qui ne marche plus -->\u000a <!-- \u000a -->\u000a\u000a <p>\u000a Appartient à : \u000a <a href=\"\/medias\/search.aspx?Instance=EXPLOITATION&SC=IFD_BIBNUM&QUERY=Identifier_idx:MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001&QUERY_LABEL=Recherche+par+rebond&DETAIL_MODE=true\">Bulletin d'écologie (1991) <\/a>\u000a \u000a<\/p>\u000a <!-- ancien lien qui changeait de scénario à chaque clic -->\u000a <!-- <p>\u000a <\/p> -->\u000a<!-- fin ancien affichage des liens -->\u000a\u000a <!-- Nouvel affichage des liens qui conserve le même scénario --> \u000a <p>\u000a <\/p>\u000a<p>\u000a <\/p>\u000a\u000a<p>\u000a <\/p>\u000a\u000a<p>\u000a<\/li>\u000a<\/ul>\u000a <\/li>\u000a<\/ul>\u000a <\/li>\u000a<\/ul>\u000a<\/p>\u000a<p>\u000a \u000a\u000a<p>\u000a <\/p>\u000a\u000a\u000a\u000a ","FieldList":{"Title":["Bulletin d'écologie"],"of_title":["Bulletin d'écologie"],"Title_sort":["Bulletin d'écologie"],"Title_idx":["Bulletin d'écologie "],"spellingShingle":["Bulletin d'écologie "],"Title_exact":["Bulletin d'écologie"],"Parent_id_exact":["MNHN_BUECO_1991_T022_N001"],"TypeOfDocument":["Pages numérisées"],"TypeOfDocument_idx":["DCEL"],"TypeOfDocument_exact":["Pages numérisées"],"sys_support":["DCEL"],"FormDescription":["Élément 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t. 22(1): 203-212 ESPACE ET TEMPS, PIERRES D’ACHOPPEMENT DES ÉTUDES D’IMPACT EN MILIEU FLUVIAL* Henri Persat U RA CNRS 367 « Ecologie des Eaux Douces »-Université Claude Bernard LYON 1 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 -69622 Villeurbanne cedex SUMMARY (review paper) SPACE AND TIME, STUMBLING-BLOCKS OF IMPACT STUDIES IN LARGE HIVERS. The French “Etude d’impact” procedure entrusts the contractors with the estimation ofthe environmental effects of their projects, the administration being theoretically involved in the validation of this estimation. As the administrations presently concerned, mainly the French Environment State Secretary, are not actually able to do so, the procedure leaves wide opportunities for the contractors to minimize the conséquences of their projects, thus biasing the decisions. Moreover, when applied to fluvial ecosystems, the two main components ofthe French “Etude d’impact\", the analysis ofthe condition ofthe ecosystem before équipement, and the forecast of this condition after équipement raise formidable problems. Physically, the fluvial ecosystem stands out by its spatial and temporal components : multiple longitudinal gradients are expressed throughout the forked branched fluvial network, floods and low water levels alternate more or less regularly. These features greatly complicate the approach ofthe System. The investigations performed on the ichthyofauna ofthe River Rhône provide further insight into these difficultés. The study ofthe initial condition of the fishfauna before equipment required one year of research before an adapted methodology was found. The following year, the fauna has been completely disturbed by a catastrophic flushing of réservoirs upstream. Finally, it clearly appeared that the fish fauna had actually been greatly altered by older embankments and dams. This made the assessment of the initial condition uncertain. Consequently, a 4-year survey after équipement was planned to appreciate the real conséquences. However, its resuit pointed out that this this survey had not lasted long enough to provide a good view of the final condition as many ofthe species (such as nase, Chondrostoma nasusj had not yet reached an equilibrium. Thus, this study focussed on the space and time scales required to understand the functioning of such an ecosystem. These scale difficultés stress the uncertain value of former case studies as comparative material for the expectation of future conditions, and thus raise the question of the reliability of forecasting. The conséquence is that monitoring after modification should be systematically included as the third and main component of the “Etude d’impact\". These developments make it possible for us to discuss the approaches and the actors nowadays involved in the study of rivers, and to propose a strategy better adapted to the problem. This problem implies a good adequacy between river geography and territorial authorities involved in the management of the river (i.e. one authority per basin), a distinct mission for each administration (the one involved in the équipement not being the one involved in the préservation task), an actual ability and proficiency of the environment protection agencies, and, above ail, a permanent survey of the major hydrosystems rather than the spot studies performed by distinct projects. KEY WORDS : River, space, time, fish, impact studies, management, inadequacies, propositions. RÉSUMÉ (article de synthèse) Les deux composantes habituelles de l’étude d’impact, l’analyse de l’état antérieur du système considéré, et T extrapolation de son état après modification, soulèvent en milieu fluvial des problèmes redoutables. Quelques éléments théoriques et des exemples concrets permettront de préciser ces problèmes et de mettre l’accent sur les échelles d’espace et de temps nécessaires à la compréhension du fonctionnement d’un tel écosystème. Ces questions d’échelles posent le problème de la validité des exemples antérieurs en tant qu’éléments de comparaison pour I extrapolation de T état futur, et donc de la fiabilité des études prévisionnelles. Il en résulte que les suivis après modification devraient être impérativement la troisième et principale composante de l’étude d’impact. Ces considérations permettent de discuter des approches et des intervenants impliqués actuellement dans l’étude des fleuves, et de proposer une stratégie mieux adaptée à la situation. MOTS CLÉS : Fleuve, espace, temps, poissons, études d’impact, gestion, insuffisances, propositions. * Communication présentée au 5*™ colloque national de l’A.F.LE. (Lyon, 23-25 novembre 1989). Acceptée pour publication le 24 septembre 1990. 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